Analyzing challenging aspects of IPv6 over IPv4

The exponential expansion of the Internet has exhausted the IPv4 addresses provided by IANA. The new IP edition, i.e. IPv6 introduced by IETF with new features such as a simplified packet header, a greater address space, a different address sort, improved encryption, powerful section routing, and stronger QoS. ISPs are slowly seeking to migrate from current IPv4 physical networks to new generation IPv6 networks. ‎The move from actual IPv4 to software-based IPv6 is very sluggish, since billions of computers across the globe use IPv4 addresses. The configuration and actions of IP4 and IPv6 protocols are distinct. Direct correspondence between IPv4 and IPv6 is also not feasible. In terms of the incompatibility problems, all protocols can co-exist throughout the transformation for a few years. Compatibility, interoperability, and stability are key concerns between IP4 and IPv6 protocols. After the conversion of the network through an IPv6, the move causes several issues for ISPs. The key challenges faced by ISPs are packet traversing, routing scalability, performance reliability, and protection. Within this study, we meticulously analyzed a detailed overview of all aforementioned issues during switching into ipv6 network

RETRACTED: Analyzing challenging aspects of IPv6 over IPv4

This article has been retracted by the publisher. This article has been retracted at the request of The International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT) report because of misconduct and plagiarism. The document and its content have been removed from the Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika, and reasonable effort should be made to remove all references to this article

Analyzing challenging aspects of IPv6 over IPv4

The exponential expansion of the Internet has exhausted the IPv4 addresses provided by IANA. The new IP edition, i.e. IPv6 introduced by IETF with new features such as a simplified packet header, a greater address space, a different address sort, improved encryption, powerful section routing, and stronger QoS. ISPs are slowly seeking to migrate from current IPv4 physical networks to new generation IPv6 networks. ‎The move from actual IPv4 to software-based IPv6 is very sluggish, since billions of computers across the globe use IPv4 addresses. The configuration and actions of IP4 and IPv6 protocols are distinct. Direct correspondence between IPv4 and IPv6 is also not feasible. In terms of the incompatibility problems, all protocols can co-exist throughout the transformation for a few years. Compatibility, interoperability, and stability are key concerns between IP4 and IPv6 protocols. After the conversion of the network through an IPv6, the move causes several issues for ISPs. The key challenges faced by ISPs are packet traversing, routing scalability, performance reliability, and protection. Within this study, we meticulously analyzed a detailed overview of all aforementioned issues during switching into ipv6 network

Apical Patency or Apical Plug: A Literature Review

The aim of this work was to undertake a literature review on two different techniques of apical preparation of root canals e.g. apical patency and apical plug. Apical patency is a technique in which apical constriction and apical foramen are kept patent throughout the instrumentation of root canals. This technique prevents packing of debris at the apical area. It also helps to maintain working length. A small patent file 1mm longer than the working length is passed through the apical foramen passively. This technique is thought to ensure complete debridement of root canals. It is associated with less postoperative pain. The objections to this technique are the extrusion of debris, irrigating solutions, sealer and filling materials. It may also cause over instrumentation and foramen transportation. Enlargement of apical constriction or apical foramen through patency files is not supported by literature. Apical plug is the technique in which instrumentation is kept within working length of the root canals without using any patency file. This results in the formation of an apical plug composed of dentinal chips in the apical third of the root canal. Apical plug may be contaminated with micro flora and necrotic tissues leading to inflammatory reactions in the periapical tissues. This technique prevents the extrusion of debris, irrigating solution, sealers and thermoplastic gutta-percha. However, intentional packing with dentinal chips or biological compatible materials at the apical area is required in teeth with immature apices, root resorption, or when apical constriction is violated due to over instrumentation

Comparison of two different matrix band systems in restoring two surface cavities in posterior teeth done by senior undergraduate students at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Context: Dental students commonly face the problem of overhanging proximal margins and unsatisfactory proximal contact points (PCPs) while restoring Class II cavities in posterior teeth. Various matrix band systems are used in dental clinics to avoid such problems. Aims: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two matrix band systems, circumferential matrix system and sectional matrix system on the PCPs and contours when restoring Class II cavities in posterior teeth. Settings and Design: This was a randomized controlled clinical trial done at College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Subjects and Methods: Total 1200 Class II cavities in teeth were selected for this study. Treatment was done by senior undergraduate students. Cavities were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Total 600 cavities were restored using circumferential band system. Group 2: Total 600 cavities were restored using sectional band system. Teeth were restored either with the composite or the amalgam restoration. Contact points were evaluated. The presence or absence of proximal overhangs was assessed. Overhanging margins were categorized as positive overhangs, negative overhangs, and absent overhangs. Statistical Analysis Used: To identify the relationship between matrix band systems and other factors, Chi-square tests (χ2-tests) and Z-tests were used. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed and logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess variables that can affect proximal margins and contact points of final restorations. Results: All optimum contacts 389 (100%) were found in restorations done using sectional band system. A highly significant association was found between open contact points and negative overhanging margins with the use of circumferential matrix band system (P < 0.00). Conclusion: Sectional matrix band system has been found superior to circumferential matrix band system

Predictors of treatment abandonment for patients with pediatric cancer at Indus children cancer hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

Background: Abandonment of treatment is one of the toughest challenges to deal with in pediatric oncology. It leads to unnecessary mortality and morbidity in patients from low- and middle-income countries.Procedure: The objective of our retrospective study was to determine the prevalence and predictors for abandonment among children with cancer at our hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. We analyzed data on patients younger than 18 years, diagnosed with any malignancy between November 2014 and May 2016.Results: From a total of 821 patients, one hundred and eighty-two (22.2%) patients abandoned treatment at various stages, 92 (11.2%) patients did not initiate treatment at all, and the remaining 90 (11.0%) left during treatment. The gender ratio at registration was skewed toward males but not statistically significant for abandonment. Of 295 registered females, 74 (25.1%) abandoned treatment compared to 108 (20.5%) abandonments among 526 males. In multivariable regression analysis, the type of malignancy, guardian\u27s profession, and travelling from outside the city of Karachi (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.15; P = 0.039) correlated with increased abandonment. Treatment abandonment was higher among patients with brain tumors (45.7%) and solid tumors (30.8%) and among those whose guardians were associated with a rural profession (24.7%). Monthly income, age, and number of siblings had no impact on the decision to abandon treatment.Conclusion: Despite the provision of free treatment, the prevalence of abandonment was high. More qualitative data need to be collected to identify and target groups of individuals who may be likely to abandon treatment, thus improving outcome of patients

Habitat preference and roosting behaviour of the Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus (Aves: Galliformes: Phasianidae) in Deva Vatala National Park, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

In Pakistan the Red Junglefowl is reported only from Deva Vatala National Park.  The present study investigated the habitat preference and roosting behavior of the Red Junglefowl in three different habitat types which included a wild area, cultivated lands and a human settlement area.  Habitat preference during the summer season comprised 87.50% wild area, 2.5% cultivated area and 10% human settlement area; during the winter season, the preference was 90% wild area and 10% human settlement area.  More numbers of female birds (22) were seen during both the seasons as compared to males (17).  The birds preferred old trees for roosting.  A total of 16 roost sites were explored on five different tree species; including Acacia nilotica (25%), Acacia modesta (12.5%), Olea ferruginea (18.75%), Magnifera indica (25%) and Dalbergia sissoo (18.75%).  The species roosted in groups of 4-8 birds and the duration of the average roosting time was about eight and half hours.  We propose that similar studies on the ecology of Red Junglefowl should be conducted to get a better understanding of the species in the study area which is perquisite for its conservation. </div

Naja naja karachiensis Envenomation: Biochemical Parameters for Cardiac, Liver, and Renal Damage along with Their Neutralization by Medicinal Plants

Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 μg/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of ALT (72±4.70 U/L, 0.1>P>0.05), AST (157±24.24 U/L, 0.1>P>0.05), urea (42±3.08 mg/dL, 0.05>P>0.02), creatinine (1.74±0.03 mg/dL, 0.01>P>0.001), CK-MB (21±1.5 U/L, 0.05>P>0.02), and LDH (2064±15.98 U/L, P<0.001) were injected in experimental rabbits. However, lethality was enhanced with 800 μg/kg of venom in terms of significant release of ALT (86±5.0 U/L, 0.05>P>0.02), AST (251±18.2 U/L, 0.01>P>0.001), urea (57.6±3.84 mg/dL, 0.02>P>0.01), creatinine (2.1±0.10 mg/dL, 0.02>P>0.01), CK-MB (77±11.22 U/L, 0.05>P>0.02), and LDH (2562±25.14 U/L, P≪0.001). Among twenty-eight tested medicinal plant extracts, only Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem was found the best antivenom (P>0.5) compared to the efficacy of standard antidote (ALT =52.5±3.51 U/L, AST =69.5±18.55 U/L, urea =31.5±0.50 mg/dL, creatinine =1.08±0.02 mg/dL, CK-MB =09±0.85 U/L, and LDH =763±6.01 U/L). Other plant extracts were proved less beneficial and partly neutralized the toxicities posed by cobra venom. However, it is essential in future to isolate and characterize bioactive compound(s) from Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem extract to overcome the complications of snake bite

Ecological Distribution Patterns of Wild Grasses and Abiotic Factors

Documentation the relative influence of ecological dynamics on species diversity patterns can help us better understand spatial distribution patterns and devise a systematically comprehensive base for carrying out environmental explorations. The current attempt aimed at exploring the distribution patterns, diversity and richness of wild grasses with respect to climatic dynamics in the Gujrat district of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, we applied the randomized sample method and sampled a total of 90 sites across the Gujrat district between 2019 and 2021 to document data on wild grasses and related ecological conditions. After assessment of the significant value index of each grass species with ecological records, we evaluated the data by ordination and cluster analysis. A total of 57 wild grasses from 37 genera were documented from the Gujrat district. The leading genera were Brachiaria, Cenchrus and Setaria, each accounting for 7.02% of all documented species, followed by Aristida and Panicum, each representing 5.76% of the species. Dactyloctenium, Dichanthium, Eragrostis, Polypogon, Poa and Saccharum each accounted for 5.26% of the species, and Digitaria, Pennisetum, Eragrostis, Chrysopogon Poa and Setaria each accounted for 3.51% of the species. Other genera each had a single species. Among all grasses, 75.44% of the species were native and 24.56% species were exotic and introduced to the study area. The leading life forms were therophytes (56.14%), followed by hemicryptophytes (42.11%) and geophytes (1.75%). Microphylls, with a 54.39% share, dominated the leaf size spectra of the wild grasses flora in this research. Other frequent classes included nanophylls (21.05%), macrophylls (19.3%) and leptophylls (5.26%). Flowering phenology of wild grasses showed that mainly species at the flowering phase were recorded during the months of June to August (40.35%) and July to September (19.29%). By applying Ward’s agglomerative clustering method, we classified the ninety transects into four major groups. Ordination analysis showed that different ecological factors had significant (p ≤ 0.002) effects on vegetation relations. The present endeavor provides a basic way to understand the impacts of ecological variables on the structure, diversity, composition and associations of wild grasses, which are helpful to improve the scientific-informed conservation and management measures for the environmental reestablishment of degraded habitat in the studied region